Answer: According to Hanafi Fiqh, Fajr ending time is 5 to 10 minutes before sunrise. Zuhr time begins approximately 5 minutes after Zawaal (So, Zawaal is 5 minutes before Zuhr in the schedules provided by Moonsighting.com). Zuhr ends at Asr time. Asr ends 5 to 10 minutes before Maghrib. Maghrib ends at Isha. Isha ends at Fajr, but it is preferrable to pray Isha before Midnight.

Answer: The times for Zuhr and Asr are observable for all places on earth and can be easily calculated. For places at higher latitudes, in some months the sun does not set or does not rise. To calculate Maghrib, Isha and Fajr for higher latitudes where the sun does not set or does not rise, moonsighting.com uses the Fiqh concept of "Aqrabul-Bilaad". To apply this concept an iterative calculation process is used by decreasing the latitude by 0.1 degrees keeping the longitude the same and recalculate Sunset time and repeat this process until a latitude is reached where the sun sets and that latitude and same longitude is used.

Polar regions like Norway, Finland, and Alaska have areas where the sun stays below horizon for several months in winter, and stays above horizon for several months in summer. However, there comes a time in every day when the sun is at its highset point (Noon) and at lowest point (Midnight). At temperate latitudes, the highest point is visible but lowest point is below horizon. But at higher latitudes (Polar region, like Norway, Finland, and Alaska) the highest and lowest point occur below horizon in winter (meaning several months long night), and above horizon in summer when the sun never sets for several months (meaning several months long day).

Actually, except for poles, no where is the 6 months long day and 6 months long night. Look in the table, that even at 70 miles away from the pole, there are 10 days when sun rises and sets. Also note that up to 65 degrees latitude the sun rises and sets daily.
Latitude	Approximate Location	Miles from North Pole	Sun Remains below horizon	Sun Remains above horizon	Sun Rises and Sets	Fasting Time on June 22	Fasting Time on Dec. 22
40:00N	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	3500 miles	-----	-----	365 days	14.9 hrs	11 hrs
65:00N	Fairbanks, Alaska	1750 miles	-----	-----	365 days	22.2 hrs	5.6 hrs
66:30N	Arctic Circle	1575 miles	Dec17-Dec 26 (10 days)	May 29-Jul 13 (47 days)	308 days	~23 hrs	4.7 hours
70:00N	Dead Horse, Alaska	1400 miles	Nov 25-Jan 16 (53 days)	May 17-Jul 27 (72 days)	240 days	23.3 hrs	4.6 hrs
80:00N	Franz Josef Land, North Russia	700 miles	Oct 21-Feb 19 (122 days)	Apr 14-Aug 19 (128 days)	115 days	Hardly Any Population	Hardly Any Population
84:00N	North-most, Greenland	420 miles	Oct 10-Mar 2 (144 days)	Apr 2-Sep 9 (161 days)	60 days	Hardly Any Population	Hardly Any Population
89:00N	0:0 Longitude, No land mass	70 miles	Sep 27-Mar 15 (170 days)	Mar 20-Sep 21 (185 days)	10 days	Hardly Any Population	Hardly Any Population
89:45N	0:0 Longitude, N. Pole, No land	20 miles	Sep 26-Mar 17 (173 days)	Mar 18-Sep 23 (190 days)	2 days	Hardly Any Population	Hardly Any Population

Answer: Sunrise and sunset are the phenomena due to the rotation of earth on its own axis. The sun rotates in 24 hours. The moon rotates on its own axis in about 27.3 earth days. So no matter where you are on the moon you will see the sunrise and sunset once in 27.3 earth days, but you can call that 1 moon day. Now, would you pray 5 times in one moon day or follow earth days for prayer is a Fiqh question. Ask any Aalim for that.

Answer: Zodiacal Light: The faint conical glow of the Zodiacal Light,produced by reflection and scattering of sun-light from countless small particles lying in the ecliptic plane, is an elusive sight in our light-polluted times. Comparable in brightness to the fainter parts of the Milky Way (such as the stretch in Monoceros), the Zodiacal Light is best seen from truly dark locations. From temperate latitudes like those of the British Isles, the best times to look are when the ecliptic is steeply inclined to the evening western horizon (spring) or morning eastern horizon (autumn); the former circumstance applies around the equinox in March. It is also to observers’ advantage that the distracting glare of both the Moon and Venus will be absent in the western evening sky at this time.The last ten days of March probably offer the best chance to glimpse the Zodiacal Light. A clear dark western horizon is essential (Atlantic coastal views have an obvious advantage), and the best time to look will be about an hour to 1½ hours after sunset, just as full darkness approaches. The Zodiacal Light, if visible, will appear as a diffuse glow extending towards Taurus. It has been suggested that the presence of persistent high-speed particle streams in the solar wind (emerging from coronal holes) at sunspot minimum enhances the brightness of the Zodiacal Light by exciting the tenuous interplanetary medium. This being so, March could be the best opportunity for sometime to catch this elusive sky-glow.

Answer: For latitudes close to Equator, like Saudi Arabia, India, Pakistan, 1-1/2 hours is a good approximation and also practical, and the variation of twilight time (due to sun's angle of depression) is small in different seasons. The Isha' time on some days begins earlier then 1.5 hours, but there is nothing wrong in starting prayers after 1.5 hours. So, this practice of 1.5 hours is a matter of convenince and of course is within Shari'ah guidelines.

Haramain (Makkah & Madinah) in Saudi Arabia use the folowing:

Fajr	18.5°
Shurooq	1 minute before sunrise
Zuhr	Zawaal = Calculated Noon
Asr	Hanbali (Shafi'i)
Maghrib	1 minute after sunset
Isha	90 minutes after Maghrib

Answer: The real answer is that no degrees can be fixed for all latitudes. The phenomenon of subh-Sadiq will vary in degrees at different latitudes and different seasons (day of the year), becuase of the sun travelling (apparently) along a specific latitude on a specific date. The sun (apparently) travels between tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn in different seasons. People in different locations around the globe have made observations about Subh-Sadiq and the results are anywhere between between 9° to 18° from high latitudes to equator respectively. Here is an e-mail sent to me by Brother Ghulam Dandia ([email protected]) of Miami.

"On Dec 3, 2000, five of us went to Miami Beach area of Sunny Isles to observe the start of Subh Sadiq. The time that moonsighting.com had provided for 15° was 100% accurate. The phenomena was observed at 5:45 am eastern standard time. The witnesses were myself (Salam Dandia), Raffia Dandia, Abdul Razz Khanani, Kaiser Perverse, and Mufti Rafique Ahem (imam of bait-ul-mukkram masjid Dhaka, Bangladesh) Jazak Allah... "

In 1987 a group of Ulema in Blackburn, England including Molana Yaqub Miftahi from UK, desired to solve this problem for the Ummah in the UK and sacrificed their valuable time by diligently striving to determine the correct times for Subh-e-Sadiq. They carried out the Mushahada (from September 1987 to August 1988) and chose to disregard the times provided by the Observatory, therefore starting from a clean sheet and not being psychologically swayed by already given Observatory times. Their Observations, therefore, unlike the observations by others did not seek to confirm or reject any of the Observatory Degree times but to provide prayer timings based purely on what was observed. Observations show that the degrees for Fajr times fluctuate throughout the year.

From UK, Maulana Y.Ismail Qasmi (in his book, Bartaniya me Subh-e-Sadiq ka Sahih Waqt: Dewsbury U.K., 1983...Suppl. 1984) mentions several observations by the Ulama in England citing that Fajr prayer should be at 12° or even to 16°.

Limited Observations made in Chicago in 1985 for Subh-Sadiq by Rajaullah Qureshi, Azmatullah Qadri, Mohammad Abdul Hai, Maulana Abdurrahman Sayeed Siddiqi, Maulana Irfan Ahmed Khan and a few others confirms 13 to 15°.

Other individual limited observations made in Buffalo, Toronto, Montreal, San Francisco, Tempe (AZ), Houston (TX), Washington DC show Subh-Sadiq at 12° to 14°.

Limited Observations for Subh-Sadiq in Tando Adam (Pakistan) show 15°.

Some observations made in New Zealand and Australia point Subh-Sadiq between 12° and 15°.

Observations made in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) in 2004 by a group with Sheikh Abdul-Aziz Fauzan for the whole year shows Subh-Sadiq was observed at 15°.

A decade long research by Moonsighting.com found that the Subh-Sadiq or disappearance of Shafaq is a function of latitude and seasons. So, Moonsighting.com calculates Fajr and Isha using that function of latitude and day number of the year.

Answer: 18° is considered appropriate by many Ulamaa, although observations for Subh-Sadiq in many parts of the world show that Suh Sadiq fluctuates in degrees. No fixed degree is the correct answer. It is suggested that if one has 15 degree chart for Fajr then one should finish eating 20 to 30 minutes before that chart time for Fajr. Get the most accurate Prayer Times from Moonsighting.com.

Answer: Fajr & Isha are calculated by different organizations using different criteria, all over the world. Some use 17°, 19°, 20°, or even 21°. Others use 90 minutes, 75 minutes or 60 minutes criteria. These criteria fail to calculate Fajr & Isha at high latitudes. Muslims have resorted to some easy solution of choosing specific degrees, but that is not right. Remember, in the times of Prophet (SAV), there were no watches. Much more variations were in practice, even to the extent that Sahaabah (RA) prayed Fajr in Ghalas (darkness of night mixed with light) or Isfaar (when the light has spread conspicuously). This variation was more than half an hour. Qur'an mentions Fajr time as when you can differentiate a black thread from a white thread. Some Sahabi (RA) was observed to physically take two threads and trying to see them; the Prophet (SAV) clarified to him (RA) that this is not the intent of Shari'ah. It is when the very faint light of morning begins to spread horizontally in the darkness of night. Moonsighting.com has been doing research for the calculation methods and after a continuous effort of more than a decade, we are in a position to calculate Fajr and Isha based on actual observations at different latitudes in different seasons. This method meets the intent of the Shari'ah, and we should not be alarmed with differences of even 15 minutes.

Answer: Isha time at 12° is not considered correct by Ulamaa across the world. Even Fiqh Coincil of North America (FCNA) does not accept 12° for Isha.

Answer: Yes, observations made by many ulamaa' and other groups confirm that these phenomena occur at different degrees for different latitudes. Sometimes disappearance of Shafaq for Isha, and Subh-Sadiq for Fajr do not even occur at higher latitudes. This is becuase at higher latitudes the sun does not go much below horizon on some days and its light remains on the horizon for a long time and the phenomenon in Ahadith cannot be observed. So, 15° or 18° is not a solution for all latitudes.

Moonsighting.com have been studying this problem for over 25 years, and with the benefit of Shari'ah knowledge as well as the capability of computer programming to calculate prayer times, a practical solution was found, that other computer programmers have not used because they either did not have Shari'ah knowledge or did not spend enough time to look into this problem.

At latitudes beyond 66.5°, only some days in summer will not have any night and for them a practical solution can be provided with specific calculations done manually, but that occurs only a few days in summer for all land masses where people live. Moonsighting.com has been providing the prayer times specially to extreme Northern latitides up to 72° (Barrow, Alaska and Tromso, Norway) and the people over there found them most accurate and more convincing than any solution proposed by others who do not have clear understanding of what is happening at such latitudes. One Aalim (Shaikhul-Hadith from India, Hafiz Maulana Mohammad Naeem from Daoband) has gone to Northern area of Alaska after talking to Khalid Shaukat of Moonsighting.com, observed what happens there in summer time, and compared those phenomena with what was calculated and his conclusion was that prayer schedule by Moonsighting.com is a better solution, than adopting Makkah time there or any other solution Ulamaa' had proposed earlier.

Answer: Islamicfinder.org has used ISNA's name without verifying from ISNA. Since 2018 onwards, ISNA recommends using 15° for ease of calculations programmed by many in cell phones and websites. Read more about How We Calculate on http://moonsighting.com/how-we.html Moonsighting.com offers what we believe is more towards reality and that does not use any fixed degrees nor any fixed interval of time. It uses a complex formula based on latitudes and seasons.

Answer: For most places in the world at temperate latitudes, Islamicfinder.org prayer times are reliable. However, at high latitudes (Norway, Sweden, and Finland) Islamicfinder.org has serious errors. Sometimes, sunrise and sunset time jump by several hours in one day. If you go to Islamicfinder.org, click on Norway, Click on "N" in search of a city, "Narvik". Click on "Na" in search of the same city, "Narvik". Scroll down and click on "To see more Click Next". Scroll down and click on "Narvik". Scroll down and look in the right column for Gregorian Annual Schedule. Click on "Annual Schedule".

Answer: There is no one fixed answer. Firstly, red Shafaq is greatly affected by humidity in the atmosphere. At different latitudes, shafaq (both red and white) disappear in different time interval from Maghrib every day. Secondly, in different seasons, shafaq (both red and white) disappear in different time interval from the same location. You can verify that if you do the "Mushahidah" (observation) in different seasons.

Answer: There is no fixed relashionship in terms of degrees. Observations from different parts of the world prove that. Moonsighting.com has collected observations done by scholars and other volunteers in many places in the world [Riyadh (S. Arabia), Tando Adam (Pakistan), Cape Town (S. Africa), New Zealand, Buffalo (New York), Toronto (Canada), Sydney, Australia, Phoenix, Arizona, and Trinidad] for few days in a year. More observations were done in Blackburn, Lancashire, England (from September 1987 to August 1988) by a group of Ulamaa'. Although these observations were not for 365 days of the year, but covered almost entire year with a few months missing.

All collected observations show that for areas at or near equator Shafaq disappearance and Subh-Sadiq occurs at 18° every day of the year, and it translates into 75 minutes in all seasons. As you move to higher latitudes, subh-Sadiq and disappearance of Shafaq occurs at different degrees in different seasons. Subh-Sadiq at higher latitudes (like Blackburn) is observed at 94 to 122 minutes (14.6° to 10.6 degrees) in different seasons. Red Shafaq disappears at 66 to 105 minutes (12° to 9.7°) at higher latitudes in different seasons. A decade long research by Moonsighting.com found that the Subh-Sadiq and Shafaq are functions of latitude and seasons. Moonsighting.com uses these functions of latitude and seasons for calculating Fajr and Isha times.

Answer: According to Shari'ah, Zuhr time does not begin at noon. It begins after Zawaal. Noon or Zawaal is when the sun is at its highest altitude during its journey from sunrise to sunset. At this time, no prayer should be performed. At least 5 minutes after Zawaal should be allowed before beginning Zuhr prayers (Adhaan, Sunnah and fard).

Answer: The term "Noon" is loosely used for 12:00Noon, but the "Noon" in geography and astronomy (which is also "Zawaal" in Islamic terminology) changes every day when the sun comes to a highest point in its journey from sunrise to sunset. Zuhr is prescribed after Zawaal when the sun has past Zawaal. For the sun's disc to completely pass Zawaal, it takes few minutes after "Astronomical Noon" time. For Zuhr, 5 minutes after "Astronomical Noon" is a good approximation having a little factor of safety, because at Zawwal (Astronomical Noon), no prayer should be performed.

Answer: We in the 20th century may feel so much difficulty in knowing the shadow at Zawaal, but the Muslims in early centuries of Islam did not have any such difficulty. That's why, no one ever posed this question in early centuries objecting the Fiqh positions. Those early Muslims knew the time telling by sun's shadows, star's positions and moon phases. However, in the 20th century, we do not have time to observe skies during day or night as much as our ancestors did, but we have the technology to get much of that type of information from our computers, astronomical knowledge, and mathematics. Let us use the tools available in the times we are living in, and not object Fiqh positions.

Sun's shadow at Zawaal time is zero when the sun is exactly overhead at a location. Say, at Equator the sun is exactly overhead on March 21 and September 21. On those dates, the shadow of a stick at noon time would be zero on Equator. However, at the same time on the same longitude in Northern Europe, the shadow may be more or less equal to the length of the stick. So, Asr time (one length shadow according to Shafi'i) has already begun at Noon. When would you pray Zuhr. That's why the shadow at noon must be neglected in order to calculate Asr time.

Answer: Fiqh (jurisprudence) is the interpretation of Hadith. Since every Muslim in not knowledgeable enough to interpret the Qur'an and Hadith, he/she must rely on some scholar who has done this interpretation. In early Islamic period there were four major scholars, Imam Abu-Hanifah in Iraq, Imam Malik in Madinah, Imam Shafi'i in Egypt, and Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal in Baghdad, who did a thorough job for this interpretation. An overwhelming majority of Muslims (Sunni or Ahl-e-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah) have converged to limit the interpretation with-in these four school of thoughts of Fiqh. All, or at least overwhelming majority, of the Fiqh scholars (Fuqahaa') in the later centuries consider themselves either Hanafi, Malikii, Shafi'i, or Hanbali.

For the beginning time of Asr, there are two distinct Fiqh positions and both are valid. Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali fuqaha' agree that Asr time begins when shadow of any vertical object is equal to its length. Hanafi fuqahaa' say that Asr time begins when the shadow of any vertical object is twice its length. Both are based on authentic Hadith and practices of Sahaabah.

Answer: The definition of sunset in Islam is no different than astronomical definition, i.e. it is the time when the solar disc has completely disappeared below the horizon. It is not the time when the solar disc touches the horizon. However, there is a difference in theoretically calculated sunset and actual sunset. Maghrib time is actual sunset. The calculated sunset is when the sun has just disappeared below horizon to an observer on the surface of the earth assuming earth as perfect sphere and level ground, and assuming some estimated values of temperature, pressure, and humidity conditions in the atmosphere, that affect refraction of light. Maghrib is when looked at the western horizon, the sun just vanishes below horizon with actual effects of refraction, that could change by actual temperature, pressure, and humidity, and the actual ground whether it is sloping downward towards horizon or level ground. Calculations for sunset are done assuming the earth is perfect sphere (which it is not), also assuming that the ground towards western horizon is perfectly level (which may not be), and assuming estimated values of temperature, pressure, and humidity conditions in the atmosphere.

For this purpose at least 3 minutes must be added to the calculated time of astronomical sunset for Islamic sunset or Maghrib. There are 3 reasons for this addition of 3 minutes:
1. The calculations are made at one point by longitude and latitude, and the observer in most cases could be up to 15 miles away from it.
2. The refraction of light through atmosphere whose density keeps on changing due to temperature, pressure and humidity and that changes angle of refraction.
3. There is a possibility of the sloping downward ground towards western horizon, while the calculations are made assuming level ground.

Someone may ask, what would we do if there are mountains and the sun sets behind the mountains for a person who is at the base of a mountain. Is that instant of time OK for Maghrib. The answer is no, because the same person can drive or go up the mountains and see the sun. For mountains regions, the sunset should be calculated as if the monutains are not there, to make sure that no one can see the sun if one is in the valley between the mountains.

Answer: According to Hanafi Fiqh, Maghrib time continues till the beginning of Isha time. However, it is very much stressed that Maghrib should not be delayed after sunset, and should be prayed as soon as possible preferably within 15 to 20 minutes of sunset. It is considered Makrooh to delay Maghrib prayer without any legitimate justification. If due to unavoidable circumstances, you are delayed for Maghrib, it will not be Qaza until the beginning of Isha time.

Answer: The altitude from mean sea level does not affect sunrise/sunset time. What affects sunrise/sunset time is the height of observer from the ground. All scientists of the world agree that the altitude from mean sea level and the height of observer from the ground are two different things.